HS 7108
Gold — bullion, doré and semi-manufactured
Very high value for its weight, refinable into anything, and priced by a grade that the paperwork can misstate while the weight stays honest.
- Bands
- quantity · unit price · grade priced per g or kg
- Legs required
- invoicecustoms · independentpaymentinspection · independent
- Why independent
- inspection (assayer, inspectorate): Fineness is the price of gold. Only a measurement by a party with no stake in the price can say whether 999.9 was shipped or 750 dressed as it.
- customs (customs): The one declaration of weight and value the traders do not control.
- Grade scale
- fineness, parts per thousand:
585 750 916 995 999hallmark standards (14, 18 and 22 karat, the 995 good-delivery minimum, fine gold) - grades, not prices
- Legs join on
- Bar serial and refiner · Air waybill · Bill of lading
- Tolerance ceiling
- at most 1 band either side
- Edges come from
- mirror-negotiate or pair-agreed never from Mirror
- Reaches
- Over-invoicing · Under-invoicing · Misdeclared goods / substitution · Multiple invoicing · Carousel / round-tripping
- Runs on
mirror-dims mirror-assay mirror-customs mirror-concurrent-exposure mirror-independence
- Cannot see
- An assay measures the bars it tested, not every bar in the consignment.
- Refining erases identity: a bar serial joins legs only until the bar is melted.
- A mispricing inside one fineness band and one price band is invisible.
HS 8703
Used vehicles — passenger cars
Individually identifiable, widely financed, and valued across a range so wide that a false price rarely looks false on its own.
- Bands
- quantity · unit price priced per pieces
- Legs required
- invoicecustoms · independentpayment
- Why independent
- customs (customs): Export and import declarations of a vehicle are filed against its VIN by parties with no stake in the price.
- Legs join on
- VIN and export date · Bill of lading
- Tolerance ceiling
- at most 1 band either side
- Edges come from
- mirror-negotiate or pair-agreed never from Mirror
- Reaches
- Over-invoicing · Under-invoicing · Multiple invoicing · Phantom / short shipment · Related-party mispricing
- Runs on
mirror-dims mirror-customs mirror-concurrent-exposure mirror-related
- Cannot see
- A VIN proves which vehicle, not its condition; condition moves price inside a band.
- Dealer networks trade within one ownership group - related parties agree a price by construction, which is why the related-party check matters here.
- A VIN key joins only exports on the same date; re-exports need their own date.
HS 8517
Mobile phones and telecom equipment
High value, small, fast-moving, and tradeable in circles: the same consignment can pass through a chain of companies and come back, each hop an invoice.
- Bands
- quantity · unit price priced per pieces
- Legs required
- invoicecustoms · independentpayment
- Why independent
- customs (customs): Declared quantity and value at the border, compared against the invoice the payment settles.
- Legs join on
- Container (ISO 6346) and voyage · Air waybill · Bill of lading · Tax e-invoice id
- Tolerance ceiling
- at most 1 band either side
- Edges come from
- mirror-negotiate or pair-agreed never from Mirror
- Reaches
- Over-invoicing · Under-invoicing · Carousel / round-tripping · Multiple invoicing · Phantom / short shipment
- Runs on
mirror-dims mirror-customs mirror-einvoice mirror-cycle
- Cannot see
- Model and specification spread makes a unit-price band wide - finer edges per model family narrow it.
- A carousel is visible only when enough of the chain's banks are on the rail to close the cycle.
- A tax-registered e-invoice fixes an invoice in time; it does not verify its price.
HS 61HS 62
Textiles and apparel
Huge volumes of low-value lines, where quality and composition set the price and are easy to misdescribe - and a long history of re-invoicing through free zones.
- Bands
- quantity · unit price priced per pieces or kg
- Legs required
- invoicecustoms · independentpayment
- Why independent
- customs (customs): The classification and quantity declared at the border, independent of the traders' invoice.
- Legs join on
- Container (ISO 6346) and voyage · Bill of lading · Invoice composite · Tax e-invoice id
- Tolerance ceiling
- at most 1 band either side
- Edges come from
- mirror-negotiate or pair-agreed never from Mirror
- Reaches
- Over-invoicing · Under-invoicing · Misdeclared goods / substitution · Free-zone re-invoicing / transit manipulation
- Runs on
mirror-dims mirror-customs mirror-chain mirror-einvoice
- Cannot see
- Quality and fibre composition inside one HS6 subheading are invisible without an inspection leg.
- Each free-zone hop must be on the rail, or the chain is broken where it matters.
- Pieces and kilograms are not comparable; a corridor ratifies one unit and refuses the other.